Robert Smalls’ life illustrates what can happen when one is freed from the fetters of others’ estimations. Smalls’ metamorphosis from slave to ship pilot to U.S. Congressman displays the power of fiery determination and unrelenting ambition. News of Smalls’ incredible exploit made it all the way up to Lincoln, who eventually met him and asked why he would dare such a thing. Smalls replied with only one word: ‘Freedom.’”

In desperation, Robert Smalls and other enslaved members of the crew of the Confederate transport ship CSS Planter dared to dream of sailing themselves to freedom, so on the night of May 13, 1862, they attempted to escape with their masters’ ship. That perilous night could have ended in triumph or tragedy for the mutineers, and Smalls’ wife, little daughter, and infant son were below deck, along with the families of his crew. They risked it all, and 17 men, women, and children escaped enslavement because of the intrepid plan.

After escaping, Smalls continued to participate in the Civil War, and throughout 17 missions and combat battles, he fought for the freedom of enslaved people in the Confederate states. Meanwhile, he learned to read, taking lessons from a teacher named Harriet Buss, and he also lobbied Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to enlist Black soldiers. The Union eventually did so, recruiting thousands of Black soldiers and formed several new regiments.

After enslaved people won emancipation, Smalls achieved the rank of major general in the South Carolina militia, and after the war, he served in the South Carolina state legislature, followed by multiple terms as a South Carolina representative to the U.S. House of Representatives. His achievements were remarkable for anyone, but especially for a former slave living in an era defined by violence and prejudice.